1. Heating & Heat Exchangers
Water Heaters: Heating elements & coils (high thermal conductivity).
Boilers: Condensing heat exchangers (80–110°C).
Solar Thermal Systems: Heat transfer pipes (arsenic copper for high temps).
2. HVAC & Refrigeration
Refrigerant Pipes: For R410A/R134a (clean inner surface required).
Heat Pumps: Ground/air-source heat exchangers (frost-resistant).
3. Industrial Equipment
Chemical Heat Exchangers: For freshwater/weak acids (C44300 brass for corrosion resistance).
Power Plant Cooling: Transformer oil pipes (500V pressure tested).
4. Food & Medical
Beverage Pasteurizers: Polished inner surface (Ra ≤0.8μm).
Sterilizers: High-pressure steam pipes (6MPa burst pressure).
5. Emerging Uses
EV Battery Cooling: Thin-walled tubes (0.3mm laser-welded).
Desalination Plants: Nickel-plated for seawater resistance.
